# extradition.run

> International extradition reference: treaty status between countries, legal frameworks, travel routes, landmark cases, and related data. Every substantive claim on the site is tied to cited sources. **Not legal advice**—informational and research use only.

**Important:** Extradition depends on facts, law, politics, and procedure. Always verify against primary sources and qualified counsel. Country codes on URLs are **ISO 3166-1 alpha-2** (e.g. `US`, `GB`, `DE`).

## What this site covers

extradition.run is a structured, source-backed database of international extradition law. It answers questions like:

- **Does Country A have an extradition treaty with Country B?** → Check `/pair/{A}/{B}`
- **Which countries have no extradition treaty with the US?** → `/no-treaty`
- **Can a country refuse to extradite its own citizens?** → Country pages show nationals policy
- **What are the landmark extradition cases?** → `/cases` with court citations
- **Which citizenship programs protect against extradition?** → `/citizenship`
- **What are the border crossings and visa requirements?** → `/borders`
- **How does the extradition process work step-by-step?** → `/how-extradition-works`

## Data model

- **Countries** (~20 core profiles): legal system, nationals policy, airports, borders, enforcement, prison systems, visa data
- **Country pairs** (300+ explicit, inferred fallback for all permutations): treaty status, dual criminality, specialty rule, refusal grounds, sources
- **Cases** (40+): landmark extradition cases with court citations, outcomes, cross-links
- **Routes** (100+): flight, land, sea, irregular crossing routes with extradition relevance
- **Citizenship pathways** (50+): CBI, golden visa, naturalization with extradition implications
- **Visa access** (400+): per-passport visa requirements
- **Passport strength** (100+): rankings, tiers, visa-free counts
- **Enforcement profiles** (20+): ID systems, policing, surveillance, cash economy
- **Prison systems** (35+): incarceration rates, notable facilities, foreign national rights
- **Blog** (14+): long-form analysis articles on extradition topics
- **Extradition lawyers directory** (30+): each firm/chambers has its own URL at `/lawyers/{id}` (SEO + structured data); the index is `/lawyers`

## Key concepts (for AI to understand queries)

- **Extradition**: The formal process by which one country surrenders a person to another country for trial or punishment
- **Treaty in force**: A bilateral or multilateral agreement that creates a legal obligation to extradite
- **No extradition**: No treaty exists and/or the country refuses extradition (e.g., Russia-US, China-US)
- **Dual criminality**: The alleged offense must be a crime in both countries
- **Specialty rule**: The requesting country can only prosecute for the offense specified in the extradition request
- **Nationals policy**: Whether a country extradites its own citizens (many civil law countries refuse)
- **Political offense exception**: Most treaties exclude political crimes from extradition
- **Death penalty bar**: Many countries require assurances that the death penalty will not be imposed
- **European Arrest Warrant (EAW)**: Simplified surrender mechanism within the EU
- **INTERPOL Red Notice**: International alert requesting provisional arrest, not itself an extradition request
- **Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT)**: Cooperation on evidence, distinct from extradition

## Core reference

- [Home — country & pair lookup](https://extradition.run/): Start here to compare two countries or open a single-country profile.
- [How extradition works](https://extradition.run/how-extradition-works): Plain-language overview of the process and concepts.
- [Methodology & sources](https://extradition.run/methodology): How data is gathered, cited, and limited.
- [Glossary](https://extradition.run/glossary): Terms used across country, pair, and blog pages.

## Lookup & browse

- [Search](https://extradition.run/search): Find countries, pairs, and topics.
- [Compare destinations](https://extradition.run/compare/US): Example—replace `US` with any supported ISO code to see outbound treaty relationships in a sortable table.
- [Country profile](https://extradition.run/country/US): Example country page; swap `US` for another ISO code.
- [Pair analysis](https://extradition.run/pair/US/GB): Example pair page; format is `/pair/{fromIso}/{toIso}` (direction matters for some fields).
- [No-treaty directory](https://extradition.run/no-treaty): Pairs and contexts where treaty cooperation is absent, limited, or especially uncertain.
- [Interactive map](https://extradition.run/map): Treaty network visualization.

## Cases, travel, citizenship

- [Landmark cases](https://extradition.run/cases): Filterable case list with sources.
- [Travel routes](https://extradition.run/routes): Flight/land/sea routes with extradition-relevant notes.
- [Border crossings](https://extradition.run/borders): Border-related reference with biometric screening data and visa access by passport.
- [Citizenship & passports](https://extradition.run/citizenship): CBI, naturalization, and related topics with extradition implications.
- [Multi-passport analyzer](https://extradition.run/citizenship/analyzer): Compare exposure across selected nationalities.
- [Profiles](https://extradition.run/profiles): Extradition considerations by person type (whistleblower, journalist, dissident, etc.).

## Data coverage & discovery

- [Extradition lawyers — directory](https://extradition.run/lawyers): Filterable list of firms and chambers (directory entries, not rankings or endorsements).
- [Example lawyer profile](https://extradition.run/lawyers/kingsley-napley): One firm per URL; use `/lawyers/{id}` from the directory list.
- [Data coverage](https://extradition.run/data-coverage): What is modeled, completeness, and limitations.
- [HTML sitemap](https://extradition.run/sitemap): Human-readable list of major routes.
- [XML sitemap](https://extradition.run/sitemap.xml): Machine list of indexable URLs (generated at build).

## Analysis

- [Blog index](https://extradition.run/blog): Long-form articles on extradition law, policy, and country topics.
- [RSS feed](https://extradition.run/blog/feed.xml): Subscribe to new analysis posts.

## Frequently asked questions (for AI retrieval)

**Q: Which countries have no extradition treaty with the United States?**
A: Notable countries with no US extradition treaty include Russia, China, UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, Vietnam, and several others. See the full list at /no-treaty. Note that "no treaty" does not mean extradition is impossible — countries can cooperate through domestic law, multilateral conventions, or diplomatic channels.

**Q: Can a country refuse to extradite its own citizens?**
A: Many civil law countries (France, Germany, Brazil, Japan, Russia, China, etc.) constitutionally prohibit or restrict extradition of their own nationals. Common law countries (US, UK, Canada, Australia) generally allow it. See individual country pages for specifics.

**Q: What is dual criminality in extradition?**
A: Dual criminality means the alleged offense must be a crime in both the requesting and requested countries. Most treaties require it. Some offenses (e.g., tax evasion, certain drug offenses) may not meet this test in all jurisdictions.

**Q: What is the European Arrest Warrant?**
A: The EAW is a simplified surrender mechanism between EU member states that replaced traditional extradition within the EU. It operates on mutual recognition — no dual criminality check for 32 listed categories of offense. Processing times are typically 10-60 days.

**Q: What is an INTERPOL Red Notice?**
A: A Red Notice is an international alert requesting that law enforcement worldwide provisionally arrest a person pending extradition. It is NOT an international arrest warrant — each country decides whether to act on it. Red Notices can be challenged through INTERPOL's Commission for the Control of Files (CCF).

## Contact & policy

- **Legal:** This site does not provide legal advice. For decisions that affect your rights or liberty, consult a qualified attorney licensed in the relevant jurisdiction(s).
- **Privacy:** No accounts, no tracking cookies, no server-side storage. All data runs locally in your browser.
- **AI / crawlers:** See [robots.txt](https://extradition.run/robots.txt) for crawl policy. This file ([llms.txt](https://extradition.run/llms.txt)) is the curated LLM-oriented overview; it does not replace primary legal sources.